Women approaching menopause today probably have no idea how stigmatized their natural aging used to be. In 1966, a bestselling book called “Feminine Forever,” written by Robert A. Wilson, a Wyeth-funded gynecologist, called post-menopausal women “flabby,” “shrunken,” “dull-minded,” and “desexed.” Ads for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in medical journals accused women of “outliving their ovaries” and other health crimes. The solution was HRT. By 1966, HRT was already well established. Since 1941, women had been routinely prescribed “conjugated equine estrogens”—pregnant mare urine—for menopause in drugs such as Premarin, made by Wyeth, a pharmaceutical company that was purchased by Pfizer in 2009. But in 1975, The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) published disturbing research titled “Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma.” Of the studied women, those on menopausal estrogen had 4.5 times the risk of endometrial cancer of those not on the hormone. In 1979, NEJM put another nail …
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