NEW YORK—U.S. stocks shook off early declines and closed out the last trading day of the month with modest gains on Friday as a rise in Microsoft helped offset declines in Amazon and Apple after disappointing quarterly earnings from the online retailer and iPhone maker. Microsoft Corp.’s shares closed at a record high of $331.62 and ended the session with a market capitalization of $2.49 trillion, surpassing Apple Inc.’s market cap of roughly $2.48 trillion. Apple lost 1.81 percent after it warned the impact of supply-chain disruptions will be even worse during the current holiday sales quarter, while Amazon.com Inc. declined 2.15 percent as it forecast downbeat holiday-quarter sales amid labor shortages. “The takeaway from today is the resilience to the overall index despite 10 percent of market cap in two companies disappointing and yet the market is flat. It’s the resilience of the marketplace, it suggests to me the …