DUBAI, United Arab Emirates—The United Arab Emirates on Tuesday announced plans to send a probe to land on an asteroid between Mars and Jupiter to collect data on the origins of the universe, the latest project in the oil-rich federation’s ambitious space program. A successful landing would see the UAE join an elite club of the European Union, Japan, and the United States, which have completed the feat. The probe would remain behind on the asteroid, transmitting back to Earth information on the composition of the asteroid as long as its batteries remain charged. The project targets a 2028 launch with a landing in 2033, a five-year journey in which the spacecraft will travel some 2.2 billion miles. The spacecraft would need to slingshot first around Venus and then the Earth to gather enough speed to reach an asteroid some 350 million miles away. It’s still under discussion what data …