MOSCOW—Russian authorities announced a new criminal charge against Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny on Wednesday, the latest move in a clampdown ahead of September’s parliamentary election that could add as much as three years to his prison term. Navalny, President Vladimir Putin’s fiercest domestic critic, is serving a 2.5-year sentence for parole violations he calls trumped up. He was arrested after flying back from Germany where he had recovered from a nerve agent poisoning. The Investigative Committee, which probes serious crimes, said in a statement that Navalny had been charged with creating an organization that “infringes on the personality and rights of citizens,” a crime punishable by up to three years in jail. A jail term of that length could keep Navalny in custody past the next presidential election in 2024 when Putin’s current six-year term in the Kremlin is due to end. The Investigative Committee said that Navalny’s Anti-Corruption Foundation …